The departure of Alexis p57

Image © Hildesheim, St Godehard
Page 57

The theme of St Alexis’ life has been seen as a parallel for Christina’s own, particularly because Alexis dramatically renounces his marriage by the bedside on his wedding night, in order to become a hermit. His cult at St Albans seems to have been relatively short lived because his feast only appears once, in the Egerton calendar, and once in the St Albans Psalter litany. However his story must have been frequently discussed in Christina and Geoffrey’s day. His cult was introduced by Abbot Richard and his chapel in the abbey had recently been dedicated by Bishop Ranulf Flambard of Durham. The dedication took place between 1099 and 1119 (GA, 118). It is quite possible that Christina was introduced to the story of Alexis by Bishop Flambard himself, on one of his conjugal visits to Christina’s aunt’s household (Talbot, 1998, 41-2). From Christina’s account, one may picture Flambard, feasting with a few flagons of ale in the home of his mistress, flanked by his illegitimate children and Autti’s family including the delectable Christina, perhaps recounting his recent task of dedicating the chapel at St Albans.

Most illustrations of Alexis’ life concentrate on the later part of his story, particularly his family’s lack of recognition and his incarceration under the stairs (AP, 135-140). So, for this book, a deliberate choice has been made to place the grieving, bereft bride centre stage, flanked by tender scenes of her departing love.

Captions are necessary to explain the bride’s importance in these scenes, because she remains mute at this point in the Chanson (lines 61-75). Scribe 3 has no choice about the rather harsh words with which Alexis addresses his stunned bride in the poem ‘Hearken to me, maiden’ (line 66), but in the caption he is free to make a more personal and sympathetic address. Whereas the other captions employ the third person, the direct vocative address is used for ‘O blessed bride, forever bound to grief’. The bride, pivotal in the picture, plays a smaller part in the poem, always following Alexis’ father and mother. She does not even have a name; although she laments poignantly (lines 468-95), her eternal grief is nothing compared to that of Alexis’ mother.

Pächt understood the picture as a parallel for Christina’s life: the chaste wedding night and departure for an ascetic life far from home superficially fit her circumstances (AP, 136). However, evidence on every level suggests the entire insertion of the Alexis quire was Abbot Geoffrey’s idea, and reflects his relationship with Christina rather than her own preferences. He too left his home and found a new life serving God in a foreign land. He sustained a lifelong, pure and spiritually enlightened relationship with Christina, where many previous men in her life had been overcome by her physical attractions. Both Geoffrey and Alexis gave away their riches to the poor (lines 91-7; Talbot, 1998,150-1)

Alexis was, after all, a continental male cult figure recently adopted by St Albans Abbey whereas St Cecilia was the female equivalent, familiar to Anglo-Saxons and invoked by Christina. The poem certainly does not fit Christina’s life in detail. Alexis complied with his father’s wish for the marriage and enjoyed a splendid wedding; Christina fought all the way. Alexis, over the untouched wedding bed, tenderly hands his wife gifts symbolising fidelity and she pines for ever like a turtle dove after he departs; Christina sat her husband firmly down on the bed and lectured him about the virtuous marriage not of Alexis but (more naturally) of St Cecilia. She made desperate attempts to escape, even jumping out of the window. She certainly did not weep for her spouse. The prologue below mentions those ‘who take delight in virginal marriage’; her unconsummated marriage to Burhred was far from delightful (Talbot, 1998, 44-55). All these features suggest that the choice of illustration may have a different meaning.

The entire codicological evidence of this quire (vellum, ruling, scribe, ornament, contents, language) indicates that it was compiled as a separate project, after the psalter itself. And yet, it too was a gift from Geoffrey to Christina. Historical events may explain the unusual iconography of the illustration and explain why the distraught grieving woman is the centre of the composition.

In 1136 Geoffrey was summoned to Rome and he went to consult Christina about the journey. ‘He admitted his sadness and shed tears as proof of his grief.’ Christina’s ‘countenance was bathed with tears, her heart torn with sighs’ and she prepared gifts for his departure (the cosy, personally- stitched undergarments, Talbot, 1998, 161). This was indeed a chaste and sorrowful parting, with gifts. A second visit to Rome, proposed in 1139, met with equal resistance from Christina, who once more summoned up the powers of divine visions to underline her anxiety. Her prayers to prevent the journeys succeeded because ‘she knew how to love to supreme advantage’, a phrase which even suggests emotional blackmail (Talbot, 1998, 164-5). As it turned out, Christina’s divine prescience and a change of events prevented Geoffrey’s journeys altogether (Talbot, 1998, 160-3).

Alexis was dead in Rome when the pope saw him; Geoffrey was proposing to see the pope in Rome. The bride experiences her noblest moment when, after years of grieving for her absent love, she realises that true fulfilment is found in loving God and as a reward she is united with Alexis in heaven (lines 493-5, 606-610 ; Schmolke-Hasselman,1977,311). The poem thus offers consolation for the abandoned bride and perhaps a gentle reminder for Christina to release Geoffrey to perform his duties with less emotional pressure. The titles beatus/beata in the captions indicate that the couple achieve beatitude in the after life.

While Christina was possessive about Geoffrey, fretting over every detail of his life (Talbot, 1998, 192-3) and wanting him to remain nearby, he was also jealous and possessive about her. He noticed how, even when he was providing her with material assistance, she would simply ignore him while she communed with God. He commented, almost petulantly, ‘You fail to realise that I am present’(Talbot, 1998, 154-5). Thus, he was not a man to glorify her failed and turbulent marriage to Burhred, but was more interested in his own successful and chaste relationship with her. Theirs was the tested and faithful love illustrated in the picture, which offered eternal union in heaven.

If either of these journey episodes, in 1136 or 1139, prompted the Chanson, possibly as a ‘final gift’, then they may serve to date at least the Chanson pages, if not the entire quire.

If the Alexis Chanson was specially made as a gift to Christina, it is not clear how much of it she could understand. If she could not read the words, she may have been familiar with the story through performances, which the prologue indicates with ‘we have heard readings and song’. Great efforts are expended to make the French words arresting by using coloured inks, but the captions which emphasise the grieving bride on this page are in Latin. The text by Pope Gregory which follows the Chanson (p68) is written twice, in both Latin and French, to make sure it is fully understood, perhaps as a teaching exercise.

Image © Hildesheim, St Godehard
Page 71

You [singular] recently heard our word and that verse which shall be written [future tense] in the name of heavenly love, and honour of the spiritual war, lest any one of those talkers, who investigate, should rebuke us’. (ne aliquis illorum locutorum que scrutantur nos reprehendant).

The ‘verse which shall be written’ presumably refers to the title which was about to be penned at the conclusion of the page, and was then repeated as a caption in David’s book. The words of the caption are ‘The blessed psalmist David, whom God has chosen, has gushed forth the annunciation of the Holy Spirit’. However, the word ‘versus’ is also used by the author at the start of the discourse, ‘This verse speaks of the leaders’. Pächt assumed that a short title, possibly written in a different colour had been trimmed from the top of the page (AP, 151). However, the entire discourse is written in arresting colours and serves as an extended versus to the fighting horsemen.

Topics for discussion shared by the reader and writer thus covered spiritual war, heavenly love, and David prophesying the Incarnation. The sentence is couched in very defensive terms. This discussion was seemingly to rebut criticism from gossip mongers. Knowing the connection which this book has with Christina and Geoffrey, this rather tortuous passage seems to reflect the scandalised murmurings which their companionship provoked. Christina’s Life refers to the jealous rumours with similar words, borrowed from Horace: her intimacy with Geoffrey did not happen ‘without the wagging of spiteful tongues’ (‘Nec sine multorum livido dente’, Talbot 1998, 148-9; Horace, Epodes, 5.47). Gossips called her a dreamer, seducer of souls, worldly-wise business woman, a loose woman attracted to the abbot by earthly love, while Geoffrey was also a seducer (Talbot, 1998, 172-5; Koopmans, 2000, 681-5). The Gesta Abbatum provides a view from the abbey: ‘so great was the affection of mutual charity between them that, unless the whole multitude had known how holy both were, it may be that evil suspicion would have arisen from so great love’ (‘tantaque fuit inter eos mutuae caritatis affectio, ut nisi notissima fuisset toti vulgo sanctitas utriusque, fortassis orta fuisset de tanta dilectione mala suscipio’ GA, 105)

If malicious people should enquire what was going on between the abbot and anchoress, then these pages would provide justification, perhaps even an alibi. Although their minds were no doubt focussed on spiritual issues, Christina’s Life recalls their intellectual moments at a high emotional key. ‘Who shall describe the longings, the sighs, the tears they shed as they sat and discussed heavenly matters? Who shall put into words how they despised the transitory, how they yearned for the everlasting?’(Talbot, 1998, 57). Christopher Hohler (notes) engagingly conjures up the scene of Geoffrey spending hours alone with Christina in her cell, leaning on her shoulder, discussing spiritual and theological issues raised by the illustrations in the psalter, pointing to each picture in turn. Those outside, perhaps hearing the tears and sighs, might well jump to scandalous conclusions, but the psalter survives as evidence of the spiritual sincerity expressed by this introductory passage.

The Pictures explained

The writer is at pains to explain that the pictures have a specific meaning. The little horsemen represent the fight for justice and the reader engages in the fight by looking at the image:

‘Whoever wishes to be a son of God and a worthy heir of the heavens, and whoever wishes to gain the glory and inheritance which the devils lost when they fell from the kingdom of God, by night and day let him watch in eye and heart that war and (fight for) justice which he here observes drawn out.’

The writer explains how he wanted David to be drawn, in the appearance of a king.

It has seemed to me that the plan here is that the psalmist himself, who was zealous in wisdom and sounded forth such divine power, should be drawn in the appearance of a king, and placed honourably in the middle of this B, and hold his heart in his right hand against his chest, and in his left hand have his own psalter, in which is written the blessed annunciation [written on the pages of David’s book, p72, ‘The blessed psalmist David, whom God has chosen, has gushed forth the annunciation of the Holy Spirit’.]

According to Pächt , Scribe 3 was both the author of this passage and the artist, the Alexis Master himself (AP, 137,149). On the contrary, the sentence suggests rather a rumination by the author, explaining to the artist how the king should be drawn. The scribe could not write ‘the blessed annunciation’ into the psalter until the picture was complete.

In the final passage, the explanation shifts from a literal description of the objects to a deeper understanding of their allegorical meaning.

It has seemed to me that the sound of his lyre signifies the voice of the holy church, and his book, which he held in great affection, signifies the wisdom of prophecy, and that divine prediction, and for that reason spiritual people love the psalter and desire its own divine teaching, because it sows sweetness in their hearts.

David’s lyre is the voice of the church and the book of psalms itself contains the divine prediction of the Incarnation. To claim that the psalms sow sweetness in the heart of the reader requires a selective emphasis of their words. A great number of the psalms are bloodthirsty, violent and vengeful, calling for mercy on the true believer and retribution on all evil doers and the enemy. However, it is a notable feature of the psalter initials which follow that they accentuate positive aspects of the creation. They do not dwell on confession, punishment, remorse and contrition (Haney, 2002, 102-3). Christina would be included among those spiritual people who dearly loved the psalter (Talbot, 1998, 98-99) and undoubtedly Geoffrey rejoiced in the sweetness of her heart, in his ‘beloved’ (GA, 103).

The title

The blessed (beatus) psalmist David, whom God has chosen (elegit), has gushed forth (eructavit) the annunciation of the Holy Spirit.

The words of this title are strung together by the author of the discourse. They are not extracted from the adjacent psalm, as was normally the case. The choice of words may therefore be significant. The verb eructare basically means to vomit or disgorge but can be applied to speech in the sense of an eruption of words, here translated as ‘gushed forth’. Anyone familiar with the psalms would associate it with the start of psalm 44, My heart has gushed forth a good word. This psalm contains many words, phrases and concepts which are found in the preceding discourse: with sword and arrow, truth and justice shall prevail; the only queen in the psalms is mentioned here, and she is admired for her beauty; the actions of speaking and writing find the memorable phrase My tongue is the pen of a scribe who writes swiftly. In addition, this psalm was thought to have been written for the marriage of Ahab and Jezebel and verses from it are used for feasts of Our Lady and other virgin saints (Christopher Hohler, Notes).

The same verb is used in psalm 18, Day to day utters speech (Dies diei eructat verbum), also in association with marriage. The title of this psalm is a ‘bridegroom coming out of his marriage chamber’. Christ was described as the bridegroom (John 3:29) and the bride-chamber symbolises the Virgin’s womb (Augustine, PL, xxxvi, 155). Hence the bridegroom coming out of the marriage chamber refers to Christ’s entry into the world (AP, 213). Moreover, this psalm was already in the mind of the artist or patron when the Alexis scene was painted on p57 because the position of Christ leaving his marriage chamber on p104, psalm 18 is so similar to Alexis leaving home.

Image © Hildesheim, St Godehard	Image © Hildesheim, St Godehard
Alexis leaving the bridal chamber, p57	‘bridegroom coming out of his marriage chamber’ Psalm 18, p104

These two allusions to marriage and virginity, conjured up by the word eructavit and its association with psalms 44 and 18, carry on the theme begun with the Chanson.

Psalm 1, which should supply the title theme, is overlooked in favour of psalm 2. This psalm underlay David’s status as prophet of Christ’s coming because he refers to the Son of God, the anointed one (Christ). The words of Psalm 2:7 You are my son are paralleled in Matthew 3:16-17 This is my beloved son, when the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove descends upon Christ at his baptism.

The dove thus indicates both David and Christ as the chosen one (elegit), blessed (beatus) by the Holy Spirit. The concept of the Chosen One both introduces and concludes the Alexis quire, and in each case the words are extraneous to their context, that is, they are deliberately introduced by the author. The Chanson neither refers to Alexis as the chosen one nor mentions the dove but the Latin title above his picture refers to him as ‘Blessed Alexis, chosen youth’ ‘Beatus Alesis, puer electus’, and the dove appears above him. In his first portrait (p417) David simply plays his rebeck, surrounded by other musicians. At the end of the miniature sequence, his image on p56 is altogether more numinous. Although he still plays his rebeck, he is receiving inspiration from the Holy Ghost in the form of a dove, and this David the shepherd is pointedly sitting in judgement above a sheep and a goat. David on p72 goes one stage further: he still plays his instrument but he is holding the very book which the huge flapping dove (more like a goose, who tramples on his hair) inspires him to write.

The Dove and Geoffrey

If designation by a dove applied to David, Alexis and Christ, it also applied to Geoffrey, under most dramatic circumstances. The abbot sometimes felt excluded by Christina’s all-absorbing contact with God, to such an extent that she often ignored Geoffrey when he was in the room with her. Christina wished Geoffrey could be sure of his salvation by some divine sign, and she therefore ‘stormed God in prayer’. In the following vision

she ‘saw herself in a kind of chamber.. with two venerable and handsome personages clothed in white garments. Standing side by side, they differed neither in stature not beauty. On their shoulders a dove far more beautiful than any other seemed to rest. Outside she saw the abbot trying without success to gain entrance to her’.[Geoffrey begged to be introduced to the divine presence, which Christina achieved through the power of her love and prayers]. ‘..with all the devotion she knew she pleaded with the Lord to have mercy on her beloved (ut dilecti misereretur Dominum interpellabat). She saw the dove glide through the chamber with a fluttering of its wings and delight the eyes of the onlooker with its innocent gaze… She would not stop pleading until she saw the man [Geoffrey] either possessing the dove or being possessed by the dove.. and then she clearly understood that the dove meant the grace of the Holy Spirit, and the abbot, once filled with it, was able to aspire only to things above.’ (Talbot, 1987, 156-7)

Clearly this episode had an enormous spiritual impact on both Geoffrey and Christina, for it was used to illustrate the initial of the litany (p403). Geoffrey is the largest and most active figure in this initial, almost overshadowing in his bustling brightness the key motionless figures of Christina and the Trinity. Moreover, an exact detail was essential for the final image: the dove had been drawn flying over the Father and Son, but the painter was instructed to depict it at rest, as the vision recounts (Peter Kidd, pers. comm.). Ultimately the cell at Markyate was dedicated to the Holy Trinity, perhaps in respect of this moment when the two humans made contact with the Divine together. It seems to have been a vivid turning point for Geoffrey, changing his former materialistic nature to one charged with spiritual grace.

Image © Hildesheim, St Godehard page 403

Image © Hildesheim, St Godehard the dove with spread and folded wings

The following observations may be guilty of reading too much into the above evidence but they propose a link between several puzzling aspects of the book. The analysis of the initials suggests that the psalms began in a ‘gender neutral’ way, perhaps intended for use at St Albans, or even for Geoffrey himself. At some point around psalm 105, Christina became the intended recipient and she is illustrated introducing the monks of St Albans to Christ and asking for his mercy (Parce tuis queso monachis clementia IHY). This picture closely reflects Christina in the vision, introducing Geoffrey to Christ and pleading for mercy. It may be that this vision, which granted him the redemption he sought, actually inspired Geoffrey to give the book to Christina. In that case, the former frontispiece of David the musician (p417) became irrelevant as Geoffrey became inspired to direct the project in a more personal way. The new David (p56) is inspired by the dove, and on the Beatus page (p72) the dove is shown flapping alarmingly around his head just as it did in the vision.

Image © Hildesheim, St Godehard	Image © Hildesheim, St Godehard	Image © Hildesheim, St Godehard
Page 417	Page 56	Page 72

Moreover on p72, David holds the book with the words written by Scribe 3, demonstrating the direct link between the flapping dove and the production of this very psalter. It was perhaps in response to the vision that Geoffrey wished to scrap the first version of Beatus vir and replace it with this highly personal but subtly coded image and title. It has been suggested above that Geoffrey may have in some ways identified himself with Alexis. In that case, the additional detail of Alexis the Chosen One, designated by the dove, also ties the saint to Geoffrey.

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Go to Select a page Page 1 Calendar January February March April May June July August September October November December Easter Limits Page 16 The Fall Explusion from paradise The Annunciation The Visitation The Nativity Annunciation to the Shepherds Three Kings before Herod Journey of Three Kings Adoration of the Magi Dream of the Magi Return of the Magi Presentation at the Temple The Flight into Egypt Massacre of the Innocents Return from Egypt The Baptism The First Temptation The Second Temptation The Third Temptation Christ in the house of Simon the Pharisee Entry into Jerusalem The washing of the feet Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane Christ and the Sleeping Apostles The Last Supper The Betrayal The Mocking of Christ The Flagellation Pilate Washing His Hands Carrying the Cross The Descent from the Cross The Entombment The Harrowing of Hell Three Women at the Sepulchre Mary Magdalen announces the Resurrection The Incredulity of Thomas The Legend of St Martin The Ascension Pentecost David as a Musician The Alexis Quire Letter of Pope Gregory the Great Christ on the road to Emmaus The Supper at Emmaus Christ disappearing at the Supper at Emmaus Psychomachia, Beatus Vir Psalm 1 Psalm 2 Psalm 3 Psalm 4 Psalm 5 Psalm 6 Psalm 7 Psalm 8 Psalm 9 Psalm 10 Psalm 11 Psalm 12 Psalm 13 Psalm 14 Psalm 15 Psalm 16 Psalm 17 Psalm 18 Psalm 19 Psalm 20 Psalm 21 Psalm 22 Psalm 23 Psalm 24 Psalm 25 Psalm 26 Psalm 27 Psalm 28 Psalm 29 Psalm 30 Psalm 31 Psalm 32 Psalm 33 Psalm 34 Psalm 35 Psalm 36 Psalm 37 Psalm 38 Psalm 39 Psalm 40 Psalm 41 Psalm 42 Psalm 43 Psalm 44 Psalm 45 Psalm 46 Psalm 47 Psalm 48 Psalm 49 Psalm 50 Psalm 51 Psalm 52 Psalm 53 Psalm 54 Psalm 55 Psalm 56 Psalm 57 Psalm 58 Psalm 59 Psalm 60 Psalm 61 Psalm 62 Psalm 63 Psalm 64 Psalm 65 Psalm 66 Psalm 67 Psalm 68 Psalm 69 Psalm 70 Psalm 71 Psalm 72 Psalm 73 Psalm 74 Psalm 75 Psalm 76 Psalm 77 Psalm 78 Psalm 79 Psalm 80 Psalm 81 Psalm 82 Psalm 83 Psalm 84 Psalm 85 Psalm 86 Psalm 87 Psalm 88 Psalm 89 Psalm 90 Psalm 91 Psalm 92 Psalm 93 Psalm 94 Psalm 95 Psalm 96 Psalm 98 Psalm 99 Psalm 100 Psalm 101 Psalm 102 Psalm 103 Psalm 104 Psalm 105 Psalm 106 Psalm 107 Psalm 108 Psalm 109 Psalm 110 Psalm 111 Psalm 112 Psalm 113 Psalm 114 Psalm 115 Psalm 116 Psalm 117 Psalm 118 Psalm 119 Psalm 120 Psalm 121 Psalm 122 Psalm 123 Psalm 124 Psalm 125 Psalm 126 Psalm 127 Psalm 128 Psalm 129 Psalm 130 Psalm 131 Psalm 132 Psalm 133 Psalm 134 Psalm 135 Psalm 136 Psalm 137 Psalm 138 Psalm 139 Psalm 140 Psalm 141 Psalm 142 Psalm 143 Psalm 144 Psalm 145 Psalm 146 Psalm 147 Psalm 148 Psalm 149 Psalm 150 Canticum Isiae Canticum Ezechiae Canticum Annae Canticum Moysi Canticum Abacuc Canticum Moysi ad filios israel Te Deum Ymnus trium puerorum Canticum Zachariae Magnificat, Canticum Sancte Mariae Canticum S. Symeonis Oratio Dominica Symbolum apostolorum Ymnus angelicus Nicene Creed Fides catholica secundum Athanasium Litany Collect 1 Collect 2 Collect 3 Collect 4 Collect 5 Collect 6 Collect 7 Collect 8 Collect 9 Collect 10 Collect 11 The Martyrdom of St Alban David and his musicians